Electro-Magnetic Radiation (EMR) Protection

Many people experience headaches, ear discomfort ("hot ear"), nausea, dizziness and a lack of concentration as a result of using a mobile or cordless phone. The symptoms are commonly refered to as Electro Sensitivity. Recent press, television and radio reports have reinforced opinions which question the long term safety of using a mobile phone and the harm it could do to a human body. The BIOPHONE has been specially designed to combat the harmful effects of electro-magnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones. Once fitted to your phone, which takes only a few seconds and requires no tools, batteries or power source, your body has the best possible chance of protection. The electrical charge of every cell in a living body produces its own resonance, which interacts and communicates with the known resonance of the neighbouring cells. Radiation pollution from alien sources (phones, photocopiers, and power lines) introduce waves that can distort the body’s natural resonance leading to a breakdown in intercellular communication. The Biophone & Bioguard are the result of many years research into the intercellular reaction promoted by electromagnetic resonance by Professor Svetlav Danev. Using a combination of inorganic crystals that are charged to respond to the ‘distress’ signals from the body’s cells when receiving non-compatible resonance, these EM protection products provide biofeedback resonance to strengthen the cells' defence against the alien radiation. Our bodies are designed to protect themselves from harmful external influences. The Biophone & Bioguard have been developed, after much research, to enhance this vital function and effectively help the body "neutralise" the harmful emissions from a mobile phone and other EM sources. Whilst the Biophone provides protection specifically from the electro-magnetic radiation emitted by mobile and cordless phones, the BIOGUARD protects against mobile phone radiation as well as the growing hazards of other sources of EM radiation. The Bioguard is designed to work with a broad range of radiation produced by many and various electrical devices including mobile phones, electricity pylons, computer screens, other peoples mobile phones and domestic appliances such as microwave ovens. The Bioguard is worn on the body and is packaged in a stainless steel button with a laser engraved logo highlighted in gold, a neck chain is also included. Size: 16mm diameter x 3mm Scientists are studying mobile phones and the resultant problems people may encounter when using them. For example one such research program claims that the radiation from mobile handsets can prevent the ability of white blood cells to fight disease. The study involved taking white blood cells, or lymphocytes from a donor and exposing them to different electric fields. It was found that only a third of cells exposed to microwaves from a mobile phone on standby mode were able to function after three hours. The researchers claim that the immune system is partially controlled by electro-magnetic fields emitted by the body and that the microwave radiation from a mobile phone interferes with these fields undermining the immune systems ability to function. The phone does not have to be against your head to present a health issue. Even on standby, clipped to your belt or clothing, the radiation can penetrate your body. Concern is so great that in the UK the Government Minister for Public Health has asked the National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB) to set up an independent expert working group to assess the current state of research into the possible health risks from mobile phones. You may wish to wait to see if the scientists confirm that you need to take action. Or you may wish to protect yourself, or your loved ones more immediately and TAKE ACTION NOW.

Radiation Protection

Radiation can not be eliminated from our environment but we can use Radiation Protection devices such as Radiation Protection from Mobile Phones, Radiation Protection from Computers, Radiation Protection Shield for Your Body, Radiation Protection from your Fuse Box, Radiation Protection for your Car and 21st Century Health also offers a full Radiation Protection Family Pack to reduce our risks of exposure to EMF waves.

Radiation is energy that travels in the form of waves or high-speed particles. EMF (electromagnetic waves) are everywhere, in your home, office, car…all electronic equipment radiate them. In addition, radio stations, mobile phones, satellite communications also operate via EMF waves.

Electronics that do emit strong EMF waves are computers, hair dryers, heating pads, microwave ovens, and cell phones. Some common symptoms of EMF-exposure are headaches, fatigue, nausea, and eyestrain.

The people who are impacted the most by EMFs are the elderly, and people with chronic illnesses. Also at risk are the children because they have not yet developed a strong immune system.

Mobile phone radiation

Some studies suggest that mobile phone radiation can destroy brain cells and may lead to the early Alzheimer's disease. Long exposure said to destroy cells in parts of the rat brain important for memory, movement and learning and could possibly cause premature onset of illnesses such as Alzheimer if the same effect was found in humans.

The UK government report says now clear that mobile phone radiation can affect brain function. Now that 20,000 radio masts in the UK are active it means that everyone is being subjected to constant low-level electromagnetic radiation. (Sunday Times 12 March 2000)

Computer radiation

With the growing global use of computer technology, the question is, will being around computers 8 to 10 hours a day jeopardize our future health and could it cause cancer somewhere down the road?

The physiological effect that computer radiation and its potential relationship to depression, cancer, and other neurological related syndromes warrants further research. The measurement of computer radiation emissions and electromagnetic fields, and the amount that reaches the brain is a difficult calculation but a computer monitor gives off harmful VLF (very low frequency) pulsating electromagnetic fields from 15,000 to 240,000 hertz. This VLF electromagnetic radiation could be worse than electric power lines.

Fuse Box

21st Century Health offers affordable radiation protection from your fuse box. Another area of concern is the position of the electric meter and fuse box. When this is placed in a bedroom, especially if the roof space is well insulated, there is a very high degree of electro-magnetic and electro-static radiation. We would strongly advise people to either shield the meter and fuse box or move them outside. Meters and fuse boxes need to be enclosed and well earthed.

Cell Phone Radiation May Trigger Allergies

Bothered by skin rashes and sensitivity to dust mites and pollen? A two-year old study suggested you cell phone use may be to blame.

Japanese researchers believe that cell phone radiation can 'excite' antigens - substances which cause allergies - in the bloodstreams of people who already suffer from allergies. They found that cell phone users experience an increase in skin rashes or allergic reactions to dust mites and pollen.

Dr Hajime Kimata from Unitika Hospital, Kyoto, carried out research on 52 people with a history of eczema and dermatitis. Half were exposed to cell phone radiation for an hour, while the others were not.

Dr. Kimata, whose findings are published in the medical journal International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, said: "When we did blood tests we found that the mobile phones had raised the levels of certain chemicals in the blood which provoke allergic reactions such as eczema, hay fever and asthma.

"We were surprised but we carried out a properly controlled study. One group of patients had their phones turned on and receiving for an hour while they watched a video. The second group watched the same video while having their phones turned off so they couldn't receive calls.

"There was a significant increase in allergy levels which seemed to be linked to the use of mobile phones." Cell phone use also appeared to worsen skin weals induced by exposure to house dust mites or pollen from cedar trees in the susceptible patients, Dr Kimata reported.

In a related report by Daily Mall in London, some cell phone users have also complained that their phones appear to be either causing eczema or making it worse. Neil Warner, 38, a building company manager, said: "I have suffered from eczema for years. When I use the mobile for any length of time I notice it starts to bring out eczema on different parts of my body.

"My skin will get red and sore in various places, but particularly close to where I was using the handset. I've always had eczema on the ears and when I used the phone it seemed to make it worse."

Cell Phone Radiation Shield

Along with the escalating use of mobile and cellular phones and health issues which weren’t a problem just a decade ago, quite a few of us might be left asking ourselves if cell phones are the cause. Right now there are two billion cell phones in use worldwide, and 500 million in North America; with the increasing cases of auto immune diseases and cancer, it might be a good time to look into cell phone radiation shields.

There are several scientific studies at present which have established the connection between cell phone radiation and illnesses like most cancers, tumors, auto immune diseases, as well as migraines, not to mention hypertension! Sadly we just don’t know for sure, and won’t have an official answer about these concerns for quite some time until the research has finally finished, however people really should try to shield themselves from cell phone radiation.

How can i shield myself against Cell Phone Radiation?

Cell phone radiation shields are really quite simple, and you simply must follow a handful of steps to safeguard your wellbeing:

Put on some sort of EMF defense product. These come in electronic gadgets, even organic including scalar energy pendants, along with a large selection of other kinds of products and solutions.

Restrict the use of Cell phones only to urgent calls as well as keeping each and every call under 15 minutes each.

Keep the phone away from you whenever you don’t need or aren’t using it. You might not think this is a big deal, but cellphones have shown in studies to contribute to infertility. Just keep it away from your body like on your desk, anywhere but your pocket.

Avoid using the phone in conductive environments like cars, elevators, and anywhere else where there’s a lot of metal. This will amplify the signal and

Don’t use any cell phone near conductors, like beds, cars, and other areas with lots of metal. This prevents the signal from bouncing back to you.

People might think they need their phone by them at all times, but they really don’t. If you’re one of those who use their phone as an alarm clock, get yourself a serious alarm clock and then leave the phone in a different place when you sleep at night. When you’re relaxing, ensure that is stays away from you, you’re always able to go back to your calls later.

While there’s many ways to protect against EMFs with cell phone radiation shields, the best defense is always common sense! Use your cell or mobile phone wisely, because it will be a long time before we know the actual effects of these devices on people.

What is a Radiation Shield?

A radiation shield is a product that protects from the harmful effects of radiation. In most cases, this radiation shield involves some sort of lead covering or covering made with some other material that radiation is known to have a hard time penetrating. Most of the time, it is the medical community that makes the most use of radiation shields. However, mobile phones are now the latest target for those who make these products.

Most people may be most familiar with radiation shield technology as the result of a visit to a doctor’s or dentist’s office. In these cases, a radiation shield is often put onto a patient, and those accompanying the patient, in the form of a lead-lined vest, when having an x-ray performed. The walls may also be coated with a special product to further shield radiation.

Mobile Phone Radiation Information

What many cell phone users may not know is that cell phones send electromagnetic waves into users' brains. In fact, every cell phone model sold in the United States has a specific measurement of how much microwave energy from the phone can penetrate the brain. Depending on how close the cell phone antenna is to the head, as much as 60 percent of the microwave radiation is absorbed by and actually penetrates the area around the head, some reaching an inch to an inch-and-a-half into the brain.

To see the radiation emitted by your phone see our Cell phone radiation chart

"This is the first generation that has put relatively high-powered transmitters against the head, day after day," says Dr. Ross Adey, who has worked for industry and government for decades studying microwave radiation, and is one of the most respected scientists in the field. Tests conducted by the ABC show 20/20 have found that some of the country's most popular cell phones can - depending on how they're held - exceed the radiation limit. 20/20 reported that government-testing guidelines are so vague that a phone can pass the Federal Communications Commission's requirements when tested in one position and exceed those maximum levels when held in another position.

Experts say it's particularly hard to predict the long-term impact of a product that's just two decades old, especially since most of the 95 million Americans who now have cell phones began using them in the past five years.

SAR Shield Product Information

The number of scientists warning manufacturers, the media, and governments of the health dangers caused by electromagnetic pollution is continually increasing. This has now reached the point where the Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association will start publishing information on the amount of radiation that enters users' heads when they use various wireless phones by requiring manufacturers to submit data -- called SAR's for "Specific Absorption Rate" of radiation. The information will be included in the product literature inside cell phone packaging.The reason for the publication of SAR's on the packaging of cellular phones is due to the growing public pressure on cell phone safety. George Carlo, a public health researcher who spearheaded a three-year, $27 million research program for the cellular telephone industry on possible health risks associated with such devices said in his report that the radio frequency radiation from wireless phone antennae "appears to cause genetic damage in human blood," while another case study uncovered a "statistically significant increase" in neuro-epithelial brain tumors among cell phone users.

"The public wants to know, and a couple of months ago a blue ribbon panel set up by the British government said outright this information should be on the box. So there is growing pressure worldwide to make this information available to consumers,"

-Louis Slesin, editor and publisher of Microwave News speaking to CNN.

SAR Shield dissipates high frequency electromagnetic energy. Attenuating the electromagnetic field by up to 89%. The biological effects on the user, and anyone standing nearby are greatly reduced, below levels that are considered dangerous by the FDA. In reducing the levels of radiation SAR Shield reduces the suspected effects that exposure to intensive levels of high frequency electromagnetic energy cause, such as, loss of memory, Parkinson's, Alzheimer, Leukemia, headaches, and brain tumors. SAR Shield has been independently tested, using FCC and Industry Canada approved SAR testing guidelines.

SAR Shield was developed using the P.A.M. SYSTEM® technology, applied to aerospace findings. The technology used in the SAR Shield is comparable to the electro-physical principles that make US Air force Stealth aircraft invisible to radar systems. The materials used in the construction of the SAR Shield withhold and dissipate electro-magnetic waves without reflecting them into the surrounding environment.

SAR Shield can be fitted quickly and simply to all cellular phones using a self-adhesive backing. The SAR Shield is metallic blue and silver, to complement the design of your phone.

To view the complete tests results on the SAR Shield click SAR radiation tests

With SAR Shield you can enjoy the convenience of a cellular phone without worrying about cellular phone radiation.

10 Cell Phone Radiation Protection Tips

  

1. Limit use to essential calls and keep calls short. Even a two-minute call has been found to alter the natural electrical activity of the brain for up to an hour afterwards.
   
2. Children should be allowed to use the cell phone in cases of emergency only. Because of their developing skulls, the radiation can penetrate much more deeply.
   
3. Wear an air tube headset (not regular wired headset).The regular wired headset has been found to intensify radiation into the ear canal. The wire transmits not only the radiation from the cell phone but also serves as an antenna attracting EMFs (electromagnetic fields) from the surroundings
   
4. Don't put the cell phone in your pocket or belt while in use or while it is on. The body tissue in the lower body area has good conductivity and absorbs radiation more quickly than the head. One study shows that men who wear cell phones near their groin could have their sperm count dropped by as much as 30 percent.
   
5. If using the phone without a headset, wait for the call to connect before placing the phone next to the ear.
   
6. Do not use the cell phone in enclosed metal spaces such as vehicles or elevators,where devices may use more power to establish connection. The metal enclosure also acts as a Faraday cage that traps the radiation and reflects it back onto the occupants.
   
7. Do not make a call when the signal strength is one bar or less, which means the phone must work harder to establish a connection.
   
8. Purchase a phone with a low SAR (Specific Absorption Rate). Most phones have a SAR level listed in its instruction manual. The SAR level is a way of measuring the quantity of radiofrequency (RF) energy that is absorbed by the body. The lower the number the better. (Be aware, however, that studies with RF hundreds of times lower than current SAR limits still show biological effects.)
   
9. Use a scientifically validated EMF protection device. There are advanced technologies available nowadays that strengthen your bioenergy field and immune system against the effects of EMF. The EMF radiation causes a problem only when the cumulative effects due to repeated exposure weaken the body's ability to repair itself. Even when you don't use the cell phone, 'second-hand' radiation and EMFs from other devices can also cause biological stress, so these types of devices are increasingly becoming essential.
   
10. Take nutritional supplements, particularly anti-oxidants SOD, catalase, glutathione, and Coq10. Microwave radiation has been shown to decrease levels of these anti-oxidants in the body. These are substances the body produces to protect itself, and their levels are sensitive indicators in stress, aging, infections and various other disease states. Other supplements you may need are:
    - Melatonin: a powerful anti-oxidant noted to prevent DNA breaks in brain cells. Also effective in preventing kidney damage from cell phones;
    - Zinc: protects the eye from oxidative damage and helps preserve the levels of anti-oxidants in the blood.

Mobile Cell Phone Radiation Harmonizer

Did you know that Wi Fi technology along with Mobile, Portable, Cordless and Cell phones, give off the most aggressive form of electromagnetic radiation known to man, because interferes with subtle brain waves and our DNA? This Wi Fi EMR Protection and Mobile Radiation Neutralizer is designed to eliminate noxious radiation emissions. The Neutralizer creates a healthy life-force energy field which scatters the microwave emission and at the same time reducing the ‘hot head’ syndrome which usually accompanies mobile phone users. It is also of benefit for portable handsets, which also emit electromagnetic radiation and microwave fields. Simply attach the Neutralizer to the rear of your computer / laptop or notebook near the antenna or anywhere near where the signal comes in. Did you know you are sitting in a Microwave Signal every time you use your computer with Wi Fi? This Wi Fi EMR Protection and Phone Radiation Protector will protect you, your friends and your loved ones from causing any further damage while using this technology, plus increase the oxygen in the air around you. In order for the signal to get to your computer, it has to go through the air from the Wi Fi device to where you are using your computer, hence if you are in a Wi Fi Cafe, you are not only sitting in the microwaves, but if several people are using their laptops around you, you may have several beams going through you all at once. Our Wi Fi EMR Protection & Phone Radiation Protector is an absolute must for every type of cell phone, mobile phone, portable phone (yes the one you have at home or in the office!), cordless phone and every computer that uses Wi Fi technology. The Wi Fi EMR Protection and Phone Radiation Protector stops that burning hot head feel and nauseous feeling while engaged on your cell phone, or computer while using your Internet Wireless Network Connection . Prevents damaged DNA from direct signals to your phone, laptop or computer. Can be easily tested by Kinesiology, Muscle or Pulse testing to show that you are no longer putting your body under stress whilst using your computer, cell phone or Wi Fi devices. Place one of these on your WiFi attached to your laptop to protect you from the Microwaves that are generated from it, and DO NOT use your WiFi or router without one of these. Long mobile phone use lifts brain tumour risk: 2006 Swedish study The use of mobile phones over a long period of time can raise the risk of brain tumours, according to a new Swedish study. Researchers at the Swedish National Institute for Working Life have looked at the mobile phone use of 2,200 cancer patients and an equal number of healthy control cases. Of the cancer patients, aged between 20 and 80, 905 had a malignant brain tumour and about a tenth of them were also heavy users of mobile phones. "Of these 905 cases, 85 were so-called high users of mobile phones," the study's authors said in a statement. "That is, they began early to use mobile and/or wireless telephones and used them a lot."

RADIATION PROTECTOR

Operation of an Air Compressor

Introduction:
In my last article, we have discussed the theory of air compression and the reason for compressing air following an isentropic cycle. Now let’s discuss the actual operation of an air compressor with indicator diagrams.
Air compressor Operation



Operation:
To understand the operation of an air compressor, let us assume the cycle and indicator diagram for a simple single stage reciprocating air compressor, as shown below. (Click the image to enlarge.)

The simple reciprocating air compressor has a piston which reciprocates inside the cylinder wall and cylinder head. The piston is attached to the crankshaft with the help of a connecting rod and thus the rotation of the crankshaft causes the piston to move up and down inside the cylinder. The crankshaft is mounted on the crank case. The cylinder head contains valve pockets where the suction and delivery valve are fixed.
These suction and delivery valves are of simple pressure differential types. They open and close, due to the pressure difference on either side of the valve plates.
1. When the compressor stops or idles for some time, it is always assumed that there is some residual compressed air left in the cylinder space. This residual air expands when the piston moves down. The pressure drops in the cylinder space at a particular point as the piston moves down, where the pressure inside the cylinder becomes lesser than the atmospheric pressure. Thus this difference in pressure makes the suction or inlet valve open.

2. This opening of inlet valve allows fresh air to be drawn inside the cylinder space as the piston still continues to move in the downward direction. The inlet valve will remain open till there is pressure difference between the atmosphere and inside of the cylinder space. As the pressure difference starts to reduce, the inlet valve starts slowly closing.
The inlet valve closes completely when there is no pressure difference and then the piston reaches bottom dead center (BDC), and it starts to travel in an upward direction. At this position, both the inlet and delivery valve remains closed. Thus as the piston moves up, the pressure starts to build inside the cylinder space.

3. The delivery valve starts to open when there is a pressure difference between the cylinder space and air receiver. Let us assume the air receiver is at a pressure of 7 bar. The delivery valve will not open until the pressure inside the cylinder space is slightly above 7 bar. As the piston moves in upward direction, the pressure increases and at some point the pressure grows beyond 7 bar making the delivery valve open. Thus the compressed air is delivered into the air receiver.

4. As the piston reaches top, the pressure starts to fall and the delivery valve starts to close. The residual compressed air remaining in the space again starts to expand as the piston moves down continuing the next cycle.

P-V diagram:
Referring to the diagram, the theoretical air compressor P-V diagram can be understood.

4-1:
The air compressor draws in air from the atmosphere. The atmospheric pressure is P1. The initial volume when the piston is at top is zero (Assuming there is no bumping clearance). Thus as the piston moves from top to bottom, a volume of air V1 is drawn into the compressor. The temperature of air is T1.
1-2:
As the piston moves up, the air is compressed polytropically (PV^n= C). The pressure of air increases from P1 to P2. The volume decreases from V1 to V2. The temperature increases from T1 to T2.
2-3:
The compressed air at the pressure P2, volume V2 and temperature T2 is delivered out of the compressor to the air receiver.
Conclusion:
Thus we have seen the actual operation of an Air compressor and its theoretical P-V diagram. In my next article, we will discuss the work done by and reasons for using multi-stage air compressors. Also you will come to know some important design reasons that you might have never come across or find in any text books.

TYPES OF AIR COMPRESSOR:-

The three basic types of air compressors are
· reciprocating
· rotary screw
· rotary centrifugal
These types are further specified by:
· the number of compression stages
· cooling method (air, water, oil)
· drive method (motor, engine, steam, other)
· lubrication (oil, Oil-Free where Oil Free means no lubricating oil contacts the compressed air)
· packaged or custom-built
Reciprocating Air Compressors:-
Reciprocating air compressors are positive displacement machines, meaning that they increase the pressure of the air by reducing its volume. This means they are taking in successive volumes of air which is confined within a closed space and elevating this air to a higher pressure. The reciprocating air compressor accomplishes this by a piston within a cylinder as the compressing and displacing element.
Single-stage and two-stage reciprocating compressors are commercially available.
· Single-stage compressors are generally used for pressures in the range of 70 psig to 100 psig.Two-stage compressors are generally used for higher pressures in the range of 100 psig to 250 psig.
Note that
1 HP ~ 4 CFM at 100 psi
and that 1 to 50 HP are typically for reciprocating units. Compressors 100 hp and above are typically Rotary Screw or Centrifugal Compressors.
The reciprocating air compressor is single acting when the compressing is accomplished using only one side of the piston. A compressor using both sides of the piston is considered double acting.
Load reduction is achieved by unloading individual cylinders. Typically this is accomplished by throttling the suction pressure to the cylinder or bypassing air either within or outside the compressor. Capacity control is achieved by varying speed in engine-driven units through fuel flow control.
Reciprocating air compressors are available either as air-cooled or water-cooled in lubricated and non-lubricated configurations and provide a wide range of pressure and capacity selections.
Rotary Screw Compressors:-
Rotary air compressors are positive displacement compressors. The most common rotary air compressor is the single stage helical or spiral lobe oil flooded screw air compressor. These compressors consist of two rotors within a casing where the rotors compress the air internally. There are no valves. These units are basically oil cooled (with air cooled or water cooled oil coolers) where the oil seals the internal clearances.
Since the cooling takes place right inside the compressor, the working parts never experience extreme operating temperatures. The rotary compressor, therefore, is a continuous duty, air cooled or water cooled compressor package.
Rotary screw air compressors are easy to maintain and operate. Capacity control for these compressors is accomplished by variable speed and variable compressor displacement. For the latter control technique, a slide valve is positioned in the casing. As the compressor capacity is reduced, the slide valve opens, bypassing a portion of the compressed air back to the suction. Advantages of the rotary screw compressor include smooth, pulse-free air output in a compact size with high output volume over a long life.
The oil free rotary screw air compressor utilizes specially designed air ends to compress air without oil in the compression chamber yielding true oil free air. Oil free rotary screw air compressors are available air cooled and water cooled and provide the same flexibility as oil flooded rotaries when oil free air is required.
Centrifugal Compressors:-
The centrifugal air compressor is a dynamic compressor which depends on transfer of energy from a rotating impeller to the air.Centrifugal compressors produce high-pressure discharge by converting angular momentum imparted by the rotating impeller (dynamic displacement). In order to do this efficiently, centrifugal compressors rotate at higher speeds than the other types of compressors. These types of compressors are also designed for higher capacity because flow through the compressor is continuous.
Adjusting the inlet guide vanes is the most common method to control capacity of a centrifugal compressor. By closing the guide vanes, volumetric flows and capacity are reduced.The centrifugal air compressor is an oil free compressor by design. The oil lubricated running gear is separated from the air by shaft seals and atmospheric vents.

DIFFERENT DEFINETIONS OF AIR COMPRESSOR:-

1) Machine for increasing the pressure of a gas by mechanically decreasing its volume. Air is the most frequently compressed gas, but natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen, and other industrially important gases are also frequently compressed. There are three general types of compressors. Positive-displacement compressors are usually of the reciprocating piston type (see piston and cylinder), useful for supplying small amounts of a gas at relatively high pressures. Centrifugal compressors are particularly suited for compressing large volumes of gas to moderate pressures. Axial compressors are used for jet aircraft engines and gas turbines.

2). A machine that increases the pressure of a gas or vapor (typically air), or mixture of gases and vapors. The pressure of the fluid is increased by reducing the fluid specific volume during passage of the fluid through the compressor. When compared with centrifugal or axial-flow fans on the basis of discharge pressure, compressors are generally classed as high-pressure and fans as low-pressure machines.
Compressors are used to increase the pressure of a wide variety of gases and vapors for a multitude of purposes. A common application is the air compressor used to supply high-pressure air for conveying, paint spraying, tire inflating, cleaning, pneumatic tools, and rock drills. The refrigeration compressor is used to compress the gas formed in the evaporator. Other applications of compressors include chemical processing, gas transmission, gas turbines, and construction. See also Gas turbine; Refrigeration.
3). Compressor displacement is the volume displaced by the compressing element per unit of time and is usually expressed in cubic feet per minute (cfm). Where the fluid being compressed flows in series through more than one separate compressing element (as a cylinder), the displacement of the compressor equals that of the first element. Compressor capacity is the actual quantity of fluid compressed and delivered, expressed in cubic feet per minute at the conditions of total temperature, total pressure, and composition prevailing at the compressor inlet. The capacity is always expressed in terms of air or gas at intake (ambient) conditions rather than in terms of arbitrarily selected
4) Air compressors often have their displacement and capacity expressed in terms of free air. Free air is air at atmospheric conditions at any specific location. Since the altitude, barometer, and temperature may vary from one location to another, this term does not mean air under uniform or standard conditions. Standard air is at 68°F (20°C), 14.7 lb/in.2 (101.3 kilopascals absolute pressure), and a relative humidity of 36%. Gas industries usually consider 60°F (15.6°C) air as standard.
5) Compressors can be classified as reciprocating, rotary, jet, centrifugal, or axial-flow, depending on the mechanical means used to produce compression of the fluid, or as positive-displacement or dynamic-type, depending on how the mechanical elements act on the fluid to be compressed. Positive-displacement compressors confine successive volumes of fluid within a closed space in which the pressure of the fluid is increased as the volume of the closed space is decreased. Dynamic-type compressors use rotating vanes or impellers to impart velocity and pressure to the fluid.
6 )compressor, machine that decreases the volume of air or other gas by the application of pressure. Compressor types range from the simple hand pump and the piston-equipped compressor used to inflate tires to machines that use a rotating, bladed element to achieve compression. The four basic types of compressors are reciprocating, rotary screw, centrifugal, and axial-flow. These are further classified by the number of compression stages, the cooling method (air, water, or oil), the drive method (e.g., engine, motor, steam, gasoline, or diesel), and lubrication.
The most popular type is the reciprocating (or piston-and-cylinder) compressor, which is useful for supplying small amounts of a gas at relatively high pressures. In this type of compressor, a piston is driven within a cylinder; the gas is drawn in through an inlet valve on the suction stroke of the piston and is compressed and driven through another valve on the return stroke. Reciprocating compressors are either single- or double-acting. In single-acting machines the compression takes place on only one side of the piston; double-acting machines use both sides of the cylinder for compression. Multiple cylinder arrangements are common. The rotary-screw compressor uses two meshed rotating helical rotors within a casing to force the gas into a smaller space. Advantages of this type of compressor include smooth, pulse-free gas output with high output volume. The centrifugal compressor consists of a rotating impeller mounted in a casing and revolving at high speed. This causes a gas that is continuously admitted near the center of rotation to experience an outward flow and a pressure increase due to centrifugal action. Centrifugal compressors are particularly suited for compressing large volumes of gas to moderate pressures; they produce a smooth discharge of the compressed gas. In an axial-flow compressor, the gas flows over a set of airfoils spinning on a shaft in a tapered tube. These draw in gas at one end, compress it, and output it at the other end. Axial-flow compressors are used in jet aircraft engines and gas turbines.
Air is the most frequently compressed gas, although natural gas, oxygen, and nitrogen are also often compressed. Compressed air exerts an expansive force that can be used as a source of power to operate pneumatic tools or to control such devices as air brakes. Air under compression can be stored in closed cylinders to provide an continuous or as-needed supply of pressurized air.
DEFINETION:-
A rotor that draws air into the engine and is driven by a turbine. A compressor must provide the required pressure rise; the compression must be affected with the least possible loss; it must be aerodynamically stable over the operating range of RPM; and the tip speed must not approach too close to sonic speed. The two types of compressors are axial flow and centrifugal flow.

Power Unit For Forging Company

Power Unit Being Remanufactured For An Aerospace Company

Power Unit For NASA

Power Unit For Forging Company

Machinery Uses In Power Units

Power Units

         

         

Hydraulic Machinery Uses
 
 
 
 

History Of Bearing

Tapered bearings

Early Timken tapered roller bearing with notched rollers

The oldest instance of the bearing principle dates to the Egyptians when they used tree trunks under sleds. There are also Egyptian drawings of bearings used with hand drills.
The earliest recovered example of a bearing is a wooden ball bearing supporting a rotating table from the remains of the Roman Nemi ships in Lake Nemi, Italy. The wrecks were dated to 40 AD.
Leonardo da Vinci is often credited with drawing the first roller bearing around the year 1500. However, Agostino Ramelli is the first to have published sketches of roller and thrust bearings.An issue with ball and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against each other causing additional friction which can be prevented by enclosing the balls or rollers in a cage. The captured, or caged, ball bearing was originally described by Galileo in the 17th century. The mounting of bearings into a set was not accomplished for many years after that. The first patent for a ball race was by Philip Vaughan of Carmarthen in 1794.
Bearings saw use for holding wheel and axles. The bearings used there were plain bearings that were used to greatly reduce friction over that of dragging an object by making the friction act over a shorter distance as the wheel turned.
The first plain and rolling-element bearings were wood closely followed by bronze. Over their history bearings have been made of many materials including ceramic, sapphire, glass, steel, bronze, other metals and plastic (e.g., nylon, polyoxymethylene, polytetrafluoroethylene, and UHMWPE) which are all used today.
Watch makers produced "jeweled" pocket watches using sapphire plain bearings to reduce friction thus allowing more precise time keeping.
Even basic materials can have good durability. As examples, wooden bearings can still be seen today in old clocks or in water mills where the water provides cooling and lubrication.
The first practical caged-roller bearing was invented in the mid-1740s by horologist John Harrison for his H3 marine timekeeper. This uses the bearing for a very limited oscillating motion but Harrison also used a similar bearing in a truly rotary application in a contemporaneous regulator clock.
A patent on ball bearings, reportedly the first, was awarded to Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August 1869. The bearings were then fitted to the winning bicycle ridden by James Moore in the world's first bicycle road race, Paris-Rouen, in November 1869.
Friedrich Fischer's idea from the year 1883 for milling and grinding balls of equal size and exact roundness by means of a suitable production machine formed the foundation for creation of an independent bearing industry.
The modern, self-aligning design of ball bearing is attributed to Sven Wingquist of the SKF ball-bearing manufacturer in 1907, when he was awarded Swedish patent No. 25406 on its design.
Henry Timken, a 19th century visionary and innovator in carriage manufacturing, patented the tapered roller bearing, in 1898. The following year, he formed a company to produce his innovation. Through a century, the company grew to make bearings of all types, specialty steel and an array of related products and services.
Erich Franke invented and patented the wire race bearing in 1934. His focus was on a bearing design with a cross section as small as possible and which could be integrated into the enclosing design. After World War II he founded together with Gerhard Heydrich the company Franke & Heydrich KG (today Franke GmbH) to push the development and production of wire race bearings.
Richard Stribeck’s extensive research on ball bearing steels identified the metallurgy of the commonly used 100Cr6 (AISI 52100) showing coefficient of friction as a function of pressure.
Designed in 1968 and later patented in 1972, Bishop-Wisecarver's co-founder Bud Wisecarver created vee groove bearing guide wheels, a type of linear motion bearing consisting of both an external and internal 90 degree vee angle.
In the early 1980s, Pacific Bearing's founder, Robert Schroeder, invented the first bi-material plain bearing which was size interchangeable with linear ball bearings. This bearing had a metal shell (aluminum, steel or stainless steel) and a layer of Teflon-based material connected by a thin adhesive layer.
Today ball and roller bearings are used in many applications which include a rotating component. Examples include ultra high speed bearings in dental drills, aerospace bearings in the Mars Rover, gearbox and wheel bearings on automobiles, flexure bearings in optical alignment systems and bicycle wheel hubs.